CHOOSING A HEALTHY KITTEN By Catherine Walker Sadly, there are some breeders who do not supply healthy kittens or cats.   You as a future kitten/cat owner, must take it upon yourself to be just a little educated when embarking upon a decision to include a healthy feline com- panion into your family. Firstly, ensure you purchase your kitten from a registered breeder - after checking that they are indeed registered with one of the "registering bodies" in their state of residence.  Ensure you do not accept a kitten under the age of 10 weeks.  Check your kitten is up to date on its vaccinations.  It is usual for a kitten to have received 2 vaccinations prior to leaving their breeder.  Some breeders also microchip and desex their kittens as well which will also save you a considerable amount in veterinary bills at a later date. There are a few things that you as a prospective owner can look for in a kitten: •Check your kittens ears for signs of earmites.  If the kitten is infected it is often quite easily identified by the black (dried blood like) substance caked within the ear.  The kitten may also shake its head vigorously if its ears are touched or may continually scratch the ear area. •Look for any redness within or around the eyes.  This could be a sign of conjunctivitis (which is contagious to humans and other animals) or could possibly indicate symptoms of viruses such as Feline Chlamydia, Herpes or Cat Flu. •Check for any bare patches on your prospective kitten.  Small bare patches void of hair or broken hair shafts, could indicate the presence of ringworm, fur mites, flea infestation or skin conditions which all would prove expensive and lengthy in treatment. •Tip up your prospective kitten and check for signs of faeces around its bottom and the pantiloons (hair around the back of the hind legs).  Signs of diarrhoea could indicate Feline Enteritis, FIV or FIP which can all be fatal diseases. •Open your kitten's mouth and check for signs of ulceration on the tongue or the roof of the mouth (small pimple like spots) which could indicate Cat Flu or Herpes and is also often seen as symptoms of other fatal feline diseases. •Also check your kitten's gumline to ensure there is no swelling or redness.  Redness around the gumline can be caused by Gingivitis which in itself can prove to be quite a problem for the cat causing great pain, lack of appetite due to pain and even in some cases the loss or removal of teeth. •Listen for sneezing and/or coughing as these symptoms could indicate an Upper Respiratory Disease of which your kitten could become a life long suffer or carrier of. These are just a few of the things which are all too often seen in kittens just placed into pet homes.  You are going to pay quite a sum for a new companion and you must ensure you are sold one of perfect health.  I would suggest purchasing only from breeders who will supply you a guarantee of health in writing.  Another good rule of thumb is to purchase from someone who has come recommended to you via a person who has purchased from that breeder previously.  Discreetly try to ascertain the health of the kitten upon arrival.  Do not accept under any circumstances, a supply of drugs from a breeder to treat any condition.  If the kitten is being medicated, the breeder has no right to sell it until its course of medication is complete and until after it has undergone a veterinary consultation prior to departure from the breeder's home. WHAT CAN YOU DO IF YOU HAVE PURCHASED A KITTEN THAT IS SICK? You as a consumer HAVE rights!  You must fully expect to be sold a kitten or cat in good health.  If this is not the case, send a veterinary certificate to the breeder from whom you purchased, along with the account that you are entitled to have reimbursed.  If you have been provided with a healthy and happy kitten, let others know who your breeder was.  If you were not sold a healthy or clean kitten DO NOT recommend this breeder to others. GOOD LUCK TO ALL ... may you find a feline companion who is well in all ways. How Young is Too Young: How old should a kitten be when it goes to a new home? by Barbara C. French First printed in CATS Magazine, February 2000 Dorie Wilkins* (*name changed to protect identity) had only been breeding Ragdolls for almost two years, and had produced her second litter.  She was approached by a nice young couple who wanted a kitten, but they objected to her policy of selling kittens at twelve weeks of age.  They were concerned the kitten would not bond with them.  They pointed to newspaperads advertising kittens 'ready to go' at six or eight weeks.  "I let them talk me into it," sighs Wilkins.  "I sold kittens at twelve weeks because that's what everyone else seemed to be doing.  I didn't really know why."  She relented and let one of the kittens go to its new home at seven weeks of age. This is a seven week old kitten  Though cute as a button, kittens this young should never be taken away their momma and siblings The kitten was returned at ten weeks, weighing less than it had when it had gone to its new home three weeks before. The owners complained that the kitten had the sniffles and chronic diarrhea and wasn't using the litterbox.  It hadn't settled in with their resident cat, and the kitten spent much of its time hiding under the couch.  "They said they'd never get a purebred cat again, because obviously they're not healthy," Wilkins relates.  With veterinary care and a lot of TLC, the kitten was back on its paws in a few weeks.  Wilkins waited until this kitten was almost six months old before placing it again. The kitten's problems had nothing to do with its heritage. "Kittens should leave their homes at a minimum age of twelve weeks," says Dr. Betsy Arnold, DVM, a veteran Siamese breeder and veterinarian with an all-feline practice in Rochester, New York called Caring for Cats.  "In my practice I have seen kittens coming in at six and seven weeks who weight twelve, maybe fourteen ounces.  These are infants. They needed to stay with their mothers." A four week old baby ventures off to explore and returns to his momma for comfort and praise Twelve weeks may seem old to people accustomed to seeing newspaper ads advertising kittens who are "ready to go" at six or eight weeks of age.  Most of us who have had cats have acquired kittens that young.  They are cute at that age, and most people enjoy having such young kittens to watch them grow.  However, we may permanently harm kittens by separating them from their mothers so early.  There are crucial mental, emotional, and developmental milestones that a kitten experiences between six and twelve weeks of age.  Separating the kitten from mother, siblings, and familiar surroundings at that age can cause undue anxiety and stress at the least, and serious medical problems or even death in the very worst cases. ISSUES: POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF EARLY SEPARATION Problems with immunity and health "One of my main concerns with early separation is that kittens' immune systems are really developing between eight and twelve weeks of age," says Dr. Arnold.  "The immunity from their mother is wearing off, and the immunity from vaccination is just starting to take over.  During this time, they are more susceptible to illness, such as upper-respiratory problems and diarrhea."  Kittens generally receive vaccinations against panleukopenia, rhinotracheitis, and calici viruses (commonly called the "distemper combination" shot) at six, nine, and twelve weeks of age.  However, immunity from vaccination does not happen immediately; shots can take up to ten days to be effective.  Up until this time, kittens receive some measure of immunity through antibodies from their mother's milk, but this is also the age where they are beginning to wean.  Their immune system "kicks over" from immunity from mother's milk to immunity from vaccination.  During this time, their immune system is busy with this task, leaving the kitten less able to fight off other illnesses.  "The stress of going to a new home and being exposed to different germs can make the kitten more susceptible to illness during this time," adds Dr. Arnold. At six or seven weeks, a kitten has only received his or her first shot series; the new owner must remember to give the second boosters.  Sometimes they forget, and this can have disastrous results. Himalayan and Persian breeder Barbara Redalia of Tuleburg Cattery recalls, " Once a pet purchaser bought a kitten from us, neglected to give it the second vaccination, and when their son became allergic, returned the cat to us.  Unfortunately the cat had contracted rhinotracheitis at their home and exposed a pregnant cat to this virus at our house.  This cat, whose own immunity to rhinotracheitis was apparently waning, became extremely ill, miscarried her litter, and was eventually euthanized." "I have spoken to many new pet owners who have purchased their kittens at eight weeks of age, which is the minimum legal age in Florida," says Susan Geren, who breeds Persians and Himalayans under the cattery name Pyewacket.  "The overwhelming majority of them had health problems with their new babies, probably caused by the stress of being separated from their siblings and mother at such an early age.  I have explained to them my reasons for not placing my kittens early and suggested that in the future they use this as a gauge to ascertain which breeders are more interested in the income provided by kitten sales than they are in placing healthy, well adjusted kittens.  It is most definitely more expensive to keep kittens until they are four to five months old." At ten weeks of age these kittens are still very dependent on their siblings for company and play Some studies have shown that vaccination at six weeks might be too early.  "I once lost a 10-month-old cat to panleukopenia (feline distemper)," recounts Mary Tyson of Thaison Siamese. "After long discussions between the vaccine manufacturer and my vet, Pittman Moore's research head concluded that it was not a bad batch of vaccine. Cornell [Feline Health Center], which had done the post mortem analysis (and also analyzed blood samples taken while the cat was still alive), concluded in conjunction with Pittman Moore that some cats do not develop lasting immunity from vaccines administered earlier than 16 weeks of age, and this cat had had his last shots at 12 weeks.  Thereafter I maintained a policy of not letting kittens leave home until they had had their shots at 16 weeks old."  "The most important reason I place kittens at 12 weeks of age (or older) is because kittens can be extremely fragile, and putting them in a new home and environment puts additional stress on them, upping the chances of getting sick," says Burmese breeder Jaina Wendtland.  "When this happens the kitten buyer blames the seller, and rightly so in many cases." When a kitten is ready to leave may also vary from cat to cat, or from breed to breed.  Some cats are simply not big enough to go on their own until they are a bit older.  Devon Rex breeder Carole Goodwin notes that cats of her breed are small and need a full twelve weeks to mature and socialize.  Amanda Bright, who breeds Russian Blues under the cattery names of Kyina and Talisker, notes that her breed tends to be slender and she feels the cats need more body mass to handle vaccinations.  She feels it is wiser to vaccinate them a bit later so that the cats can better handle problems if they occur. From a health standpoint, it is best to allow the kitten to receive its entire first shot series, including boosters, while at home in familiar surroundings.  First shots are not enough to confer immunity, and the kitten needs time for its immune system to change over completely from one system (mother's milk) to another (vaccination).  They should also be of a sufficient size and physical maturity before they are ready. Problems with eating and eliminating "Weaning isn't an event; it's a process," says Dr. Arnold.  "They don't just start eating food one day.  They eat a little food, nurse, eat a little, nurse, and so on.  Eventually they eat more than they nurse, and then stop nursing altogether. This doesn't happen by six or eight weeks of age." Left to their own devices, mothers will eventually stop allowing kittens to nurse.  With most cats this occurs naturally anywhere from eight to twelve weeks.  However, this process is very important, as it teaches the kitten to learn to deal positively with frustration and denial.  As the mother starts refusing to allow the kitten to nurse, which the kitten very much wants to do, she teaches the kitten how to cope with that frustration.  Kittens who do not learn this lesson may develop behavioral problems. Weaning is not simply a matter of getting a kitten to eat solid food.  It's an important time when the kitten begins to assert its independence from its mother.  This needs to be a gradual process. "For the most part, my babies still nurse at 9 and 10 weeks, and sometime beyond," says Rosi Carroll of Bengals by RoJon.  "I have never had a customer call me up after picking up one of my kittens, complaining about the kitten meowing for its mother.  They settle right in to their new environment." Even though these kittens are fully weaned, they still return to momma for comfort suckle and loving It's also common for too-young kittens to eat poorly and have litterbox problems.  Many kittens at age six to eight weeks aren't consistently using the litterbox.  I have found that yown kittens can take up to ten weeks to have litterbox habits down pat.  And diarrhea can accompany the changes in diet and stress that come with a new home. Diarrhea can be life-threatening to a small kitten; severe dehydration and rapid weight loss is a serious problem when one has so little body mass to start. Problems with socialization and behavior People often express a desire to have a younger kitten because they are afraid the kitten will not bond with them once older.  This is simply not true.  As Ann Segrest of Kiriki Korats says, "The older kittens bond with their new humans just fine.  Cats do not have, nor do they need to establish their place in the "pack" like dogs must do.  This is the myth that must be dispelled so that kittens will have the opportunity to learn from their mothers and be as healthy and stress-free as possible when they go to their new homes." It is true that kittens who are separated at a young age from their mothers will often bond to a person as a surrogate mother.  This may seem cute, but it's unhealthy.  Such kittens will often suck on blankets, clothing, buttons, even earlobes or on themselves.  They may become dependent upon humans to the point that they become fearful or neurotic when left alone.  Many hide or run at the sight of unknown people.  Most commonly, however, cats who are deprived of proper socialization don't learn how to be with other cats.  This makes them especially inappropriate as house pets in a multicat household. The kitten socialization phase starts at about four weeks of age and can continue until up to fourteen weeks old. Kittens learn to explore their world through this period, under the comforting guidance of their mother.  Between nine and fourteen weeks old, they learn from their mother and siblings how to interact with other cats.  They learn how to recognize and interpret cat body language.  Quite literally, a cat who misses out on this important social step may not learn how to "talk" to other cats. It's also during this time when the kitten needs to be exposed to variety of people in a positive way so that it doesn't become afraid of different types of people.  Improper early socialization is why some cats seem to be afraid of men, or of people with glasses, or other odd quirks. It is important that young children are taught the proper way of handling kittens and cats. Manx breeder Marj Baker was faced with having to raise three kittens whose mother had become unable to care for them when they were three weeks old.  "[These kittens] were biters - well, actually just nibblers; they wanted to chew on my fingers -- and wanted my full attention all the time.  The also loved my hair to chew on and any item of clothing that was mine got licked and chewed.  They seemed very mouth oriented and were very unhappy if left alone by themselves.  Most Manx are happy to entertain themselves most of the time but not these three.  They also were harder to [train to use a litterbox], finding the floor a convenient place to squat.  I guess I was not a very good mom cat." Deborah Feldham of Glendoveer's Abyssinians had a similar story.  "In one instance I took in two orphaned kittens that I had to syringe feed because they were so young," she says.  "They were not easy kittens to work with. They were jealous and insecure, often showing their insecurities by going to the bathroom in inappropriate places and scratching or hissing at stran- gers. I believe that if these kittens had been born in a more secure environ- ment and raised with their mother [to an older age], they would have been better prepared, emotionally, to fit into their new homes. Kittens learn from mothers, littermates and their surroundings." Under mom's guidance and prompting, these kittens are investigating a new and strange toy. Kittens need the time with their mothers and siblings to learn important life lessons - lessons that will make them happy, healthy, confident kittens.  "I have seen kittens taken from their mother too young become cloth chewers and neurotic," says June Abbott Colwell of Velpaws Siamese.  "[Kittens] not only need to be with their mothers, but also with their siblings.  They learn proper acceptable play behavior from both mother and siblings.  Kittens taken away too young are not as tolerant or as sure of themselves as older kittens." THE KITTEN AT TWELVE WEEKS At twelve weeks of age, most kittens are weaned or nearly fully so, have had adequate socialization with mother and siblings, have received their full series of kitten shots, and have gotten through the critical immune system "kick-over" period.  Properly handled and socialized by people, these kittens have learned to explore their world and will meet it with a happy, outgoing confidence that will carry them throughout their lifetime.  This may vary from cat to cat, or breed to breed.   Twelve week old kittens tucking into a nutritious meal The important thing to remember is this: it should be the kitten's current and future well-being that drives the decision of age to place, not finances or a simple desire to have a younger kitten for whatever reason.  Kittenhood is a fleeting time.  You will have a kitten only for a short time, but the cat may be with you for many years to come.  You may find it personally disap-pointing to allow a kitten an extra month or two with its mother when you had hoped to have it earlier, but it will make a world of difference to the mental, emotional, and physical health to the kitten throughout its entire life.  If you are searching for a pet through a shelter, you may not have an option.  If you are getting a kitten through an acquaintence or through a breeder, insist on at least twelve weeks for the kitten's health.  You will have a healthier, happier, and better socialized feline friend because of it. 14 week old kittens enjoying a safe and secure outdoor garden Overheard in the nursery, late one night ....   Mother, Mother: tell us of the new countries!   Ah my beloved ones, you are so young, why do you wish to hear so soon of the new countries?   Tell us Mother, tell us of the new lands where we will go!   I will tell you, my beloved of the new countries you will live in when you are grown, but you must listen quietly and compose yourselves as I have taught you ...   We will, we will, Mother, only tell us how it will be!   Very well then.  In the new countries everything will be strange. All smells will be different, and even the food on your plate will be strange, though it looks and smells and tastes just as it did here at home.   Will the Humans be the same Mother?   No, my beloved, the Humans will be strange too, and will speak with strange voices and touch with strange hands.  When you hide their hands will seek you out and drag you into the light to hold you!   We would be frightened, we would run    No, my beloved, these hands will be good too, and you will learn of love from them.   What of the other cats, Mother?   Ah, the other cats will be a mystery and a terror!  No, do not hide your faces little ones, for I will tell you how to live in the new country with the other cats, as I have told you before ...   Yes, yes, tell us again, Mother, so that we will remember!   Very well then: the other cats will be large, and their smell will be very strange, and they will not welcome you into their land.  But you are well brought-up children, and you will remember the lessons I have taught you, so that theaway!y will grow to love you as I do.   Tell us what we must do, Mother!   Sit quietly then, and do not interrupt like the rudelings you are!  First, as I have told you, you must find the oldest cat in the new land, and you must go to this cat and bow, and tell him your name.  The ol- dest cat will pretend that he has not heard such an insignificant creature, and perhaps he will yawn and show you that he is nearly blind, and has few teeth, and has no interest in the creatures of the floor.  When this time comes, I know that you will remember to jump on the oldest cat, and chase him when he goes to his litter tray, and sit in his warm place when he goes to eat.  This is the way of all cats, and has always been the way.   Then you must find the Queen of the house, for she is the mother of that land, and she is the cat MOST TO BE FEARED.  This Queen will be elevated above other cats, and when she strikes her claws will be bared, and your soft fur will not be proof against her anger.  When you come to the Queen, you must bow down, and become as small as the lowliest rodent, and you must submit to her in all things before you jump on her from a great height.  If the Queen has babes then you will hiss and teach them to respect you, but be wary, for the Queen will chase you from her room every time you enter, and punish you for your presumption!    Are you the Queen of this country, Mother?   Yes my children, I am.  But hush now and learn your lessons.   Then you must find the subjects of the Queen, and you must run with all your speed and all your might right up to the face of each of these cats.  Do not stop until your nose touches their nose, and then you must jump with all your might high in the air and then run with all your speed to your safe place that you have found, where the Queen and her subjects cannot reach you because they are too large.  From there you must hiss and growl and spit (yes, my child, just like that) and tell them of your fury and your courage before the greatest monsters, and show them how large you can grow when you puff your silky coat and gorgeous tail.  When they have tired of your courage, and left you to yourself, then you may emerge and go in search of toys and new entertainments, and there will be many of these in the land that has not yet known your touch. Be wary of china ornaments, they do not topple as easily as you might imagine, and will require determination if you are to accomplish their complete destruction.  Always remember that there must always be another cat in the room at the time of your toppling, or you will invite the wrath of the Humans. If you are scolded, purr and roll over and all will be forgiven.  If you wish for love or for food, show the Humans your beautiful eyes and your dainty paws, and they will pity you and do your bidding. When the subjects of the Queen chase you in front of the Humans, lie pathetically on the floor, and cower as if you are in fear of your life, and the Humans will sweep you into their arms and speak with anger to the cats of that country.    Remember that no height is too high, no shelf or ledge too narrow, and no depth too low, or too wet for your dainty paws.  All parts of the new land are for you to explore and taste, and this will be expected of you from your earliest days.   When the cats of the new land have ceased their first anger against you, you must teach them to respect you by jumping on them from a great height. BUT beware the young Prince of the house, as he will not be afraid, and when you jump on him he will turn and PLAY WITH YOU. No, my beloved, this is not the play of brother and sister in the nursery, this is the play such as that of a cat with its prey.  He is the largest cat you have ever seen, and he will tumble you over and over, and chase you up and down and around, but he will run away when you turn and hiss, and he will cry piteously if he feels your sharp teeth.  He will love you, my beloved, and he will follow you and watch your grace and your des- tructiveness with equal delight.  Beware my beloved, because he will watch your dance, and copy it, but he has not your grace, and the end of his destructive dance will be placed at your door!   Will we be happy Mother?    Yes my children, you will be happy before long.  Remember that the time of trials is not so great and if you have courage and cunning you will outwit the oldest cat, win the heart of the Queen, make a slave of the Prince and, if you are lucky, earn the indifference of the other subjects of the Queen.   Will you always love us Mother?    No my beloved, in time I shall tire of your sharp teeth and your endless play, and I will long for the quiet time, when I can sleep and eat, and have no more worries.   Will we miss you, Mother?   No, my beloved, you will long for space and new lands, and the things that will be your own, not shared with your brothers. And you will long for the love of the Prince and the approval of the Queen.  And before long, you will not remember me, or this land any longer.   We will always love you, Mother, and remember your lessons.  But Mother, what of the lands where there are no other cats?    Ah, my beloved, that is a story for another night!  Now snuggle down and suckle while you can, and dream of the new countries. ~~~Author Unknown~~~